Journal: Microbiology (Reading, England)

Article Title: Effects of the glucocorticoid betamethasone on the interaction of Candida albicans with human epithelial cells.

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Effects of BM treatments on uninfected oral (TR146), intestinal (C2BBe1) and vaginal (A-431) epithelial cell lines. Bars indicate significant differences calculated by the Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ****P<0.0001). Details on summary statistics are reported in Table S1.

Article Snippet: The C2BBe1 (clone of Caco-2) colon carcinoma cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques:

Journal: Microbiology (Reading, England)

Article Title: Effects of the glucocorticoid betamethasone on the interaction of Candida albicans with human epithelial cells.

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Effects of BM treatments on the interaction between C. albicans SC5314 (non pre-treated) and oral (TR146), intesti- nal (C2BBe1) and vaginal (A-431) epithelial cell lines. Bars indicate significant differences calculated by the Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons (*P<0.05; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001). Details on summary statistics are reported in Table S1.

Article Snippet: The C2BBe1 (clone of Caco-2) colon carcinoma cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques:

Journal: Microbiology (Reading, England)

Article Title: Effects of the glucocorticoid betamethasone on the interaction of Candida albicans with human epithelial cells.

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000383

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Effects of BM pre-treatments and treatments on all measured phenotypes describing the interaction between C. albi- cans SC5314 and oral (TR146), intestinal (C2BBe1) and vaginal (A-431) epithelial cells. Fungal cultures were pre-cultured in the absence or presence of 1 or 2 mM BM (BM pre-treatment). Infection was performed in the absence or presence of 1 or 2 mM BM (BM treatment). Two-way ANOVA outcomes (with P values) are reported where significant (effects of pre-treatment and treatment). Details on summary statistics are reported in Table S1.

Article Snippet: The C2BBe1 (clone of Caco-2) colon carcinoma cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: TER of Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts and challenged with E. coli F4 at 2 h (A) and 4 h (B) after the beginning of the infection. Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. Data in the graphs are represented as means ± SEM; percentage values are referred to negative control (CTR–) for both the investigated timepoints. One-Way ANOVA analysis is performed against positive control (CTR+), identified with a red arrow; asterisks “*” denote significant differences with p < 0.05, while tendencies are highlighted by their p -value.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Infection, Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial translocation of E. coli F4 across Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts at 2 h (A) and 4 h (B) after the beginning of the bacterial infection. Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. Data in the graphs are represented as means ± SEM; percentage values are referred to positive control (CTR+) for both the investigated timepoints. One-Way ANOVA analysis is performed against positive control (CTR+), identified with a red arrow; asterisks “*” denote significant differences with p < 0.05, while tendencies are highlighted by their p -value.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Translocation Assay, Infection, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene expression analysis of Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts and challenged with E. coli F4 at 4 h after the beginning of the infection. The analyzed markers of cellular monolayer integrity are ZO-1 (A) , ZO-2 (B) , and CLD-1 (C) . Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. Data in the graphs are represented as means ± SEM. One-Way ANOVA analysis is performed against positive control (CTR+), identified with a red arrow; asterisks “*” denote significant differences with p < 0.05, while tendencies are highlighted by their p -value.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Infection, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene expression analysis of Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts and challenged with E. coli F4 at 4 h after the beginning of the infection. The analyzed markers of innate immune response are TNFα (A) , IL-1β (B) , IL-8 (C) , and BD1 (D) . Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. Data in the graphs are represented as means ± SEM. One-Way ANOVA analysis is performed against positive control (CTR+), identified with a red arrow; asterisks “*” denote significant differences with p < 0.05, while tendencies are highlighted by their p -value.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Infection, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Escherichia coli F4 adhesion assay performed on Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts for 1 h. Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. Data in the graphs are represented as means ± SEM. One-Way ANOVA analysis is performed against positive control (CTR+), identified with a red arrow; asterisks “*” denote significant differences with p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Cell Adhesion Assay, Infection, Positive Control

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts and simultaneously challenged with E. coli F4 for 2 h. Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. In the image, the left column represents DAPI staining, the central column ZO-1 staining with FITC, while right column depicts the merge of the first two images, where white arrows identify areas of tight-junction detachment, loss of cells, holes in the monolayer or anomalies in ZO-1 disposition. Each row displays a different treatment.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Botanicals as a zinc oxide alternative to protect intestinal cells from an Escherichia coli F4 infection in vitro by modulation of enterocyte inflammatory response and bacterial virulence

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of Caco-2 cells treated with essential oils or powder extracts and simultaneously challenged with E. coli F4 for 2 h. Groups with bacterial infection are represented with a “+” in the name. In the image, the left column represents DAPI staining, the central column ZO-1 staining with FITC, while right column depicts the merge of the first two images, where white arrows identify areas of tight-junction detachment, loss of cells, holes in the monolayer or anomalies in ZO-1 disposition. Each row displays a different treatment.

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was obtained from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Infection

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Intestinal IL-25 prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1 expression in the intestinal epithelial cells.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-95516-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. The association between intestinal IL-25 expression and the systemic and intestinal metabolic changes in high-fat diet-induced obesity. BALB/c mice were fed with NCD or HFD for 8 weeks. The alteration of intestinal cytokine gene expression was determined and associated with various metabolic parameters. (A) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of proinflammatory cytokine (Tnfa) and epithelial cell- derived cytokines (Il25, Tslp, Il33) in the jejunum of NCD-and HFD-fed mice. The mRNA expression data are presented as fold induction over actin (Actb) expression, with the mRNA levels in NCD-fed mice set as 1. Graphs depict mean ± SD of three independent experiments, with n = 6 mice per group. Significance was determined using Student’s t-test analysis. (B) The correlation between plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (mg/dL) and the mRNA expression levels of intestinal cytokines Tnfa (upper row) and Il25 (bottom row), with n = 10 mice from HFD group was analyzed using Spearman’s rank test. (C) The association between the expression level of Il25 gene and genes related to glucose and lipid absorption in the jejunum, including Sglt1, Npc1l1, Fatp4, Cd36, with n = 10 mice from HFD group was analyzed using Spearman’s rank test. Correlation coefficients (r) and p values are provided. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Human epithelial cell lines (Caco-2 cells, ATCC HTB-37) were grown in high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, GibcoTM), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Derivative Assay, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP and BAX/BAK drives inflammatory injury in intestinal ischemia reperfusion

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02603-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of mouse intestinal tissues and quantitative analysis of Swollen Mitochondria Ratio (SMR, ratio of swollen mitochondria to total mitochondria), Cristae Score, and crista density, n = 6, scale bar = 5 μm/500 nm. B qPCR analysis of the expression levels of mtDNA fragments 16S rRNA, ND1, and COX2 in mouse plasma, n = 6. C Representative images of TFAM immunohistochemical staining in murine intestinal tissues, n = 6. D Western blotting analysis of TFAM protein expression levels in mouse intestinal tissues, n = 6. E Western blotting analysis of TFAM protein expression levels in Caco-2 cells transduced with Ad-NC or Ad-TFAM, n = 6. F qPCR analysis of cytoplasmic mtDNA fragment ND1, D-LOOP levels in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. G Mice were intraperitoneally (ip) injected with solutions containing nDNA (5 mg/kg), mtDNA (5 mg/kg), or normal saline (NS), and plasma samples were collected 2 h post-injection. Levels of secreted IL-1β and IL-6 proteins in mouse plasma were analyzed by ELISA, n = 6. H qPCR analysis of the expression levels of mtDNA fragments ND1, D-LOOP, ATP6, and COX2 in Caco-2 cells after EtBr depletion, n = 6. I RT-qPCR analysis of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * P < 0.05

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was purchased from Wuhan Procell Life Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Western Blot, Transduction, Injection, Saline, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP and BAX/BAK drives inflammatory injury in intestinal ischemia reperfusion

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02603-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcium overload leads to mPTP opening and subsequently causes mtDNA release following HR. A Representative fluorescent images of mPTP detection in Caco-2 cells via Calcein AM assay. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos (red) is the mitochondrial internal reference, and green fluorescence reflects mPTP opening level, n = 6; bar = 50 μm. B Quantitative analysis of average mPTP fluorescence intensity (total regional fluorescence intensity/regional area) in each group via Image J, n = 6. C Image J was used for quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence colocalization. D qPCR analysis of the expression levels of cytosolic mtDNA fragments ND1, D-LOOP, ATP6, and COX2 in Caco-2 cells after treatment with CsA, n = 6. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * P < 0.05

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was purchased from Wuhan Procell Life Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Calcein AM Assay, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP and BAX/BAK drives inflammatory injury in intestinal ischemia reperfusion

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02603-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) mediated calcium overload regulates the opening of mPTP. A - C Western blotting ( A , B ) and RT-qPCR ( C ) analyses of MCU protein and mRNA expression levels in Caco-2 cells (si-MCU vs. si-NC), n = 6. D Representative immunofluorescence images of Rhod-2AM (calcium probe) and green mitochondrial fluorescent dye colocalization, and quantitative analysis using Image J, n = 6. E , H Representative immunofluorescence images of MCU (red), red mitochondrial fluorescent dye (green), and DAPI (nucleus, blue) ( E ), and quantitative analysis of MCU mitochondrial colocalization ( H ) in Caco-2 cells, n = 6, bar = 10 μm. F , I Representative immunofluorescence images of Rhod-2AM (red), green mitochondrial fluorescent dye (green), and Hoechst 33342 (blue) ( F ), and quantitative analysis of Rhod-2AM mitochondrial colocalization ( I ) in Caco-2 cells, n = 6, bar = 1 μm. G Image J-based quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence colocalization between MCU (red) and red mitochondrial fluorescent dye (green) in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. J , K Representative fluorescent images of mPTP detection (using calcein-AM/Co²⁺ probe) ( J ) and quantitative analysis of average fluorescence intensity ( K ) in Caco-2 cells, n = 6, bar = 50 μm. L Image J-based quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence colocalization between mPTP (labeled by calcein-AM, green) and red mitochondrial fluorescent dye (red) in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. M RT-qPCR analysis of cytosolic mtDNA fragment (ND1, D-LOOP, ATP6, COX2) expression levels in Caco-2 cells, n = 6.. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was purchased from Wuhan Procell Life Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Labeling

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP and BAX/BAK drives inflammatory injury in intestinal ischemia reperfusion

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02603-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oligomerization of BAX/BAK triggers the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization (MOMP) after HR. A - D Mitochondrial fractions were extracted through subcellular organelle separation. Western blotting analysis of the expression levels of monomeric and oligomeric forms of BAX and BAK proteins in mitochondria after BMH cross-linking treatment, n = 6. E - G Western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis of the protein and mRNA expression levels of BAX and BAK in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. H - K Mitochondrial fractions were extracted by subcellular separation. Western blotting analysis of the expression levels of monomeric and polymeric forms of BAX and BAK proteins in mitochondria after BMH cross-linking treatment, n = 6. L qPCR analysis of the expression levels of cytosolic mtDNA fragments ND1, D-LOOP, ATP6, and COX2 in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was purchased from Wuhan Procell Life Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Membrane, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP and BAX/BAK drives inflammatory injury in intestinal ischemia reperfusion

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02603-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Independent but Sequential Activation of mPTP and BAX/BAK Leads to Release of mtDNA following HR. A Representative confocal immunofluorescence images and quantitative analysis of DNA, TOM20, and DAPI in Caco-2 cells, the number of cell= 10; bar = 10 μm. B Co-IP was performed using anti-CypD or anti-ANT1 antibodies, and BAX and BAK proteins were detected by Western blotting, n = 6. C Schematic diagram of the detection of mtDNA fragments in the IMS. D qPCR analysis of the expression levels of mtDNA fragments ND1, D-LOOP, ATP6, and COX2 in the IMS of Caco-2 cells, n = 3. E RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in Caco-2 cells, n = 6. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05

Article Snippet: The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was purchased from Wuhan Procell Life Technology Co., Ltd.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Biomaterials

Article Title: Oral delivery of IL-22 mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles targeting the injured intestinal mucosa: A novel therapeutic solution to treat ulcerative colitis

doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121707

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-22 was significantly increased by transfection of nLNPs-encapsulated IL-22 mRNA compared to encapsulated pDNA or controls (*p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001, n = 6).

Article Snippet: Colonic epithelial cells (Caco2-BBE, ATCC, Manassas, VA) were used to transfect IL-22 pDNA (full-length sequence can be found in Supplementary Figure 1 ) or mRNA.

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection